Pronoun Paradigms

Many of you know that Numen provides a beta paradigm feature. The paradigms of most nouns, verbs, adjectives, and pronouns are available. Generally, they work very well with a couple of well known exceptions (Greek nouns, certain verbal forms, and some irregular forms).

Once upon a time, the pronouns were working fairly well but not so much recently. Over the past few months there has been an uptick in the number of reports of bad pronoun paradigms. After a thorough review, I must note that all pronoun paradigms were broken. Honestly, I'm not sure how that happened. Nonetheless, I took some corrective action this weekend and fixed most of the pronoun paradigms -- with the exception of the personal pronouns. Those will take a bit more work because as you probably know, personal pronouns are the only nominal forms in Latin that don't have explicit gender (i.e., tu does not code for masculine, feminine, or neuter).

So in the meantime, please feel free to spot-check the paradigms for your favorite pronouns and please feel free to report errors. PS, it's always helpful to cite your source if you believe that a paradigm has an incorrect form. Sources do vary!

Paradigms for Adjectives and Pronouns

Paradigms for adjectives and pronouns are now online! Find any adjective or pronoun in the dictionary and click See the Complete Paradigm! Please report any errors you find and I'll fix them as soon as possible!

Paradigms! Paradigms! Paradigms! (Verbs)

Good news! I made two changes to errata in the verb paradigms this week.

1. Someone with a real eagle eye noticed that the ... ahem (this is a mouthful!) ... third person plural future passive imperative was listed in the space reserved for second person plural future passive imperative. Oh my! There is no second person plural future passive imperative! :) (New Latin Grammar, Page 72). 
2. The verb paradigms for the fero class of verbs included an incorrectly formed gerund/gerundive (future passive participle). That is now fixed.

As usual, most of the corrections to this Lexicon go on daily. I usually correct between 5 and 10 errors per day. Thanks for all those eagle eyes out there spotting typos, errors, and database mistakes! 

Regular Updates

What's going on now? As always, work goes on in the background, but nothing big has changed. Regardless, I want to make sure the front page stays fresh, so this update is to let you know that I continue to make small improvements to the dictionary data and the paradigms that the Latin parsing engine runs on.

Mostly, I spend a good amount of time correcting bad data, fixing wonky definitions, etc. But from time to time I find an error in a paradigm (for instance, recently I found macrons on -unt verbs) and fix it. Just a few days ago I discovered that short form 3rd adverbs like potenter don't parse properly; that's one of my current projects.

What's going on in the future? I'm still pulling data out of the big Lewis dictionary. I haven't loaded it yet because I'm happily discovering that the big Lewis dictionary has a wealth of information that can be extracted. The hard part, as it turns out, is extracting it. I don't know when the new data will be online, but rest assured I'm working on it often.

Until next time, feedback is always welcome!

Noun Paradigms

I added noun paradigms to the site. Search or browse for any noun and click on the "See Complete Paradigm" link. Feedback is welcome!

Perfect Syncopation

Look at this:

18204 total word(s)
17369 word(s) found
20 word(s) not found
815 word(s) ignored
0.11% of words not found
4.48% of words ignored
3264 unique word(s)

But what does it mean???

Well, I've just run the word analysis tool on Livy Ab Urbe Condita Book 2. The important thing to note is that out of eighteen thousand words, only 20 weren't parsed and found in the dictionary. That's pretty much amazing.

How did this happen? Well, two things had to happen. First, I ignore capitalized words that weren't located in the dictionary. Essentially, I'm ignoring proper names and place names. Second, I programmed Numen's ability to parse syncopated perfect verbs: laudasse (laudavisse), norat (noverat), et cetera.

I still have a bit of testing to do to make sure I didn't break anything, but this was one of the few major hurdles that I needed to overcome to get a nearly perfect parsing engine!

Verb Paradigms

As I promised, I've been working on verb paradigms. As of now, they're up and running. Just search for any Latin word and click "see the complete paradigm".

Most verbs show up just fine, but of course some irregular verbs will show odd glitches. Therefore the data is "beta" but the paradigms should still prove helpful.

Here are some caveats:

• certain irregular verbs will have weird forms, for instance, the participles for esse (which didn't exist until late antiquity).
• deponent verbs will show active forms. Remember that deponent verbs do have active participles, and the imperfect subjunctive is formed from the "reconstructed" active infinitive. I'm trying to imagine a way to "gray-out" the unused active forms, but I haven't decided fully on that yet.
  
• as a result of deponent verbs having "active" forms, they are now stored in the dictionary in their active forms, although on flashcards they will still show their deponent forms. So for instance sequor will be searchable under sequo.
  
• unusual forms, such as dic, duc, and fac will show up as dice, duce, and face. I haven't implemented and "irregular forms" system yet, even though I've half mapped it out. UPDATE: It turns out that Plautus was fond of using forms like dice, duce, and face even though they were later rejected by Terence.
  
• UPDATE: Some forms which are not known to exist (in other words, we don't have a record of them) but can logically be deduced will show up on the paradigm charts. For instance, the rare future active participle of volo, voliturus shows up and so does it's non-extant future active infinitive voliturus esse. Many grammar books will not show these forms simply because we don't have a record of them. Nonetheless, it is logical to assume they existed or would have been known to exist during Roman times (at least in theory).
  

So, work continues! Enjoy.

Again with the optimizing! Oy!

I've been tinkering again.

First, I did some server-side wizarding and sped up the website by a small margin (maybe 25%) and also stopped a nasty bug that was slowing down pages every once in a while.

I fixed some smallish bugs on the search pages. The user interface should be a tad more useful and friendly there.

While designing a new, awesome feature (verb paradigms!) I uncovered some paradigm errors. Those have been neatly squashed.

Soon, you will see a masterpiece in action! Full paradigms for all parts of speech! Right now I've got the verbs mostly working. I'll unveil this feature when I feel it's good enough for prime-time.

That's all for now! Carry on...

UNUS NAUTA

As most Latin students know, UNUS NAUTA is not just "one sailor" but the acronym U.N.U.S. N.A.U.T.A. It is taught as a mnemonic device to memorize the 9 special adjectives whose genitives end in -ius: unus, nullus, ullus, solus, neuter, alter, uter, totus, and alius.

In a recent post, I noted a problem with the adjective neuter. In the neuter form, my parser was not discovering the forms for nominatives and vocatives. I dug into this problem and discovered some interesting facts that I never really took to heart.

UNUS NAUTA is not one declension, as many Latin grammars would have us believe. It is actually composed of four different declensions: the normal UNUS NAUTA declension (unus, nullus, ullus, solus, totus), then the alius declension (which is unique because its genitive is alius instead of aliius as we would expect; and it has neuter-singulars in -ud), next the R-type declension (neuter, uter), and finally the ER-type declension (alter). I can see why Wheelock compressed his declensions, but it turns out that he didn't spend enough time pointing out the differences! To be sure, they are minor, but somewhat important if you're writing software to parse out the different forms!

So I created 4 unique declensions for the 9 different types of adjectives. Now, the UNUS NAUTA adjectives parse properly!

Update: I fixed indeclinable nouns, too. I had forgotten to add their (non-) paradigm.

Enjoy!

Paradigm Updates

I spent a few minutes today and added the demonstrative pronouns is, iste and idem and the paradigms for R type possessive pronouns noster and vester/voster. I also added the three defective verbs, coepi, odi and memini. Finally, I added the eo and ferre verb conjugations.

Prettying up the Joint

So I haven't had as much free time as I wanted this week. I've been busy at my day job getting everything "taken care of" before my last day there on August 13th. After that, I'll just be contracting with them for 5 hours a week, because I'll be a full time teaching and grading assistant for the University of New Mexico Foreign Languages and Literatures Department. I'm pretty excited about that!

Nevertheless, I had a few hours free tonight, so I did some sprucing up. I made some icons, fixed some style sheets and squashed some small bugs. There are a few things I want to include before the semester starts:

• Add a few pronoun paradigms: is and iste for sure.
  
• Add some verb paradigms: perhaps volo verbs.
• Fix up the database backend, especially in the realm of update cascades (it's technical, and you're probably wondering what that means -- don't worry, it'll make things better).
• Speed up the morphology lookup. It's not slow by any means, coming in at approximately 100 milliseconds per word. But still, I think I can get it down to 40ms. Every bit helps, especially if this site ever gets popular!
• Make a new database and web server. Right now it's being graciously hosted at the place I work here on campus (Natural Heritage New Mexico). I've been the system admin there for about 5 years, but now -- as I wrote earlier in this post -- I won't be there for very much longer.
  

I'm sure there's more to update, but I think it's time to take a break for the evening. Enjoy!

Into the Great Wide Open

There's still a lot of work to be done on this site, but the main dictionary features are in place. You can search in Latin and search in English, you can browse Latin words, and coolest of all is the word study tool. The word study tool allows you to type (or copy and paste from any Latin source such as The Latin Library) up to 50,000 words -- and see the words parsed, identified and defined.

Another cool feature, one which is in development, is the flashcards feature. Anytime you see a word you want to study, just check the "I want a flashcard" option. Then, you can print out a list of your flashcards on Avery Business Cards! A planned feature is to be able to study your flashcards online, and keep "sets" of flashcards.

One feature which is not ready yet -- but coming soon -- is the paradigm creator. When completed, The Latin Lexicon will create a full paradigm for any word in the dictionary!

Currently under development is The Latin Lexicon for iPhone/iPod touch. If you have one of these fantastic little devices, give it a try!

There's a lot to come, so this application will remain in beta for a while. Even so, I hope you find it useful!